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1 Weber Carl Maria von
Вебер Карл Мария фон (1786-1826), композитор, дирижёр, пианист, музыкальный писатель и критик. Один из основоположников немецкого музыкального романтизма XIX в. На формирование его личности и эстетических взглядов повлиял подъём национального самосознания в Германии. Блестящий пианист-виртуоз и дирижёр. Руководил оперными театрами в Праге и Дрездене. Здесь впервые была поставлена его романтическая опера "Вольный стрелок", в которой композитор развил традиции зингшпиля. Героическая опера "Эврианта" оказала влияние на развитие немецкого музыкального театра XIX в. Вебер один из первых сторонников идеи музыкального театра как самостоятельного жанра. Писал музыку также к стихам дрезденского поэта Теодора Кёрнера во время Освободительных войн против Наполеона в 1812-1814 гг. Автор музыкально-критических статей и рецензий, стихов, неоконченного романа "Жизнь музыканта". Скончался в Лондоне, куда был приглашён для постановки оперы "Оберон". По настоянию Вагнера его останки были перевезены в Дрезден, здесь же находятся музей (Carl-Maria-von-Weber-Gedenkstätte) и памятник композитору ▲ "Der Freischütz", "Euryanthe", "Oberon" → Romantik, Singspiel, Körner Theodor, BefreiungskriegeГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Weber Carl Maria von
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2 Bernburg
Бернбург, город в федеральной земле Саксония-Анхальт. Расположен по обеим сторонам судоходной р. Заале, левого притока Эльбы, 30 км севернее г. Халле-ан-дер-Заале. Обе части Бернбурга связаны двумя мостами: Нойштадтским (Neustädter Brücke, XIV в., обновлён в XVIII в.) – памятник техники и Вальдауским (Waldauer Brücke, XIV в.). Символ Бернбурга – ренессансный дворец у р. Заале с т.н. "голубой башней" ("Blauer Turm", ок. XIV в.) и романским бергфридом (XIII в.). Богатые залежи каменной и калийной соли в окрестностях, предприятия по производству соды и медицинской сыворотки (Serumwerk, основано в 1954 г.). Высшая сельскохозяйственная школа (Hochschule für Landwirtschaft), научно-исследовательский институт селекции растений (Institut für Pflanzenzüchtung), основан в 1882 г. под названием "Земельная опытная станция земледелия и растениеводства" (Landesversuchsstation für Acker- und Pflanzenbau). Культурный и туристический центр, бальнеологический курорт. Театр им. Карла Мариа фон Вебера (Carl-Maria-von-Weber-Theater), бывший придворный театр (Hoftheater), построен в 1826-1827 гг. в стиле классицизма. Статус города в разные годы получили самостоятельные поселения: Альтштадт (Altstadt) и Нойштадт (Neustadt) с 1278 г., (объединены в 1561 г.), Бергштадт (Bergstadt) около 1450 г., вошёл в состав Бернбурга в 1825 г. Первое упоминание в 961 г. → Sachsen-Anhalt, Saale, Elbe, Renaissance, Romanik, Klassizismus, Bergfried, Halle an der Saale, Weber Carl Maria von -
3 Romantik
fромантизм, идейно-эстетическое и художественное направление в литературе, музыке, изобразительном искусстве на рубеже XVIII-XIX вв. Отразило глубокое разочарование художников политическими результатами Великой французской революции. Противопоставление мира прекрасных, недостижимых идеалов и пронизанной духом мещанства и филистерства повседневности породило в творчестве романтиков драматическую конфликтность, мотивы одиночества, идеализацию далёкого прошлого, народного быта, природы. Романтизм в Германии отличает мистический характер, немецких романтиков привлекает, прежде всего, необычное, сверхъестественное. Они ищут вдохновения в отмеченном печатью таинственности средневековом искусстве. В литературе этой эпохи (1798-1830) любимыми формами стали книги сказок (братья Гримм), народные песни (Арним, Брентано), а также романы (Тик, Новалис, Вакенродер, Айхендорф). Кроме того, в это время активно переводятся зарубежные авторы и, прежде всего, средневековая поэзия. Литературные кружки этого направления возникли в Мюнхене, Хайдельберге, Берлине и Дрездене. Литературный романтизм повлёк за собой развитие других гуманитарных областей – языкознания, литературоведения (Гриммы и Шлегели), юриспруденции (Савиньи), философии (Фихте). Романтизм в музыке сложился под воздействием раннего немецкого литературно-философского романтизма. Затем развивался в тесной связи с различными течениями в литературе, живописи, был неразрывно связан с лирической поэзией, определявшей расцвет вокальной лирики. Представлен сторонниками Ваймарской и Ляйпцигской школ. Основными жанрами творчества немецких художников-романтиков были портрет, пейзаж (К.Д.Фридрих), аллегорические композиции (Рунге). Назарейцы стремились возродить традиции немецкой и итальянской живописи XV в. со свойственными ей религиозными идеями. В работах художников Дюссельдорфской школы романтическая поэтизация действительности соединилась с традициями бидермайера → Grimm Jacob und Wilhelm, Brentano Clemens, Arnim Achim von, Tieck Johann Ludwig, Novalis, Wackenroder Wilhelm Heinrich, Eichendorff Joseph von, Schlegel August, Schlegel Friedrich, Jenaer Romantik, Heidelberger Romantik, Dresdener Romantiker, Fouqué Friedrich de la Motte, Fichte Johann Gottlieb, Rückert Friedrich, Schwab Gustav, Schwäbischer Dichterkreis, Uhland Ludwig, Alexis Willibald, Weimarer Schule, Liszt Franz, Leipziger Schule, Hoffman Ernst Theodor Amadeus, Absolute Musik, Böhme Jacob Herder, Johann Gottfried, Leipziger Schule, Lied, Müller Wilhelm, Wagner Richard, Weber Carl Maria von, Zumsteeg Johan Rudolf, Vogler Georg Josef, Friedrich Caspar David, Runge Phillipp Otto, Nazarener, Düsseldorfer Schule, Schinkel Karl Friedrich, Schelling Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, Schwind Moritz von, Tischbein Johann Heinrich d. Ä., Tischbein Johann Heinrich Wilhelm, altdeutsche Kunst -
4 Des Knaben Wunderhorn
"Волшебный рог мальчика", сборник немецкой народной поэзии в трёх томах. Песни собраны А.Арнимом и К.Брентано во время путешествия по Рейну в 1802 г. Изданы в Хайдельберге в 1805 г. Поэты стремились реабилитировать презираемую тогда народную песню. Они достаточно вольно обращались с собранными материалами, среди которых оказались и песни немецких поэтов XVI-XVII вв., ставшие народными. Сборник "Волшебный рог мальчика" оказал влияние на всё дальнейшее развитие немецкой лирики до конца XIX в. Ироничные, трогательные, фантастические и трагические стихи вдохновляли многих композиторов (Вебера, Шумана, Мендельсона, Брамса и др.) → Arnim Achim von, Brentano Clemens, Weber Carl Maria von, Schumann Robert, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy Felix, Brahms JohannesГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Des Knaben Wunderhorn
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5 Eutin
Ойтин, город в федеральной земле Шлезвиг-Гольштейн. Расположен в живописной местности Гольштейнской Швейцарии, между большим и малым Ойтинскими озёрами (Eutiner Seen). Основные отрасли экономики: электротехника, металлообработка, бумажная, кирпичная промышленность, туризм. Известен своими культурными традициями, давшими ему образное название "Северный Ваймар" ("Weimar des Nordens"). Здесь родился композитор Карл Мария фон Вебер, в честь которого ежегодно устраивается летний музыкальный фестиваль (Eutiner Sommerspiele). В Ойтине жил и работал поэт Иоганн Генрих Фосс. Архитектурный символ Ойтина – барочный дворец XVII-XVIII вв., окружённый рвами с водой. В настоящее время музей. Здесь представлена самая большая в Северной Германии коллекция живописных портретов князей, исторические полотна Вильгельма Тишбайна. Дворцовый английский парк – место проведения летних фестивалей. Ойтин издавна называют "городом роз" ("Rosenstadt"). Статус города с XII в. по указу любекского епископа Герольда (Bischof Gerold von Lübeck). Был неоднократно резиденцией любекских епископов → Schleswig-Holstein, Weber Carl Maria von, Voß Johann Heinrich, Tischbein Johann Heinrich Wilhelm -
6 Schauspielhaus
n, ист.; см. OpernhausДраматический театр, театр драмы и оперы и Берлине, основан в 1786 г. Ставились драмы Гёте и Шиллера, других отечественных авторов, а также оперы немецких композиторов (в Королевский оперный театр на ул. Унтер-ден-Линден допускались только итальянские оперы). Здесь состоялись премьеры опер "Альцеста" ("Alceste") Кристофа Виллибальда Глюка и "Вольный стрелок" ("Der Freischütz") Карла Марии фон Вебера. На сцене театра выступали знаменитые актёры XVIII-XIX вв., среди них Людвиг Девриент, Август Вильгельм Ифланд (руководил театром в 1796-1814 гг.). В 1934-1945 гг. руководителем Государственного драматического театра в Берлине (Staatliches Schauspielhaus Berlin) был известный актёр и режиссёр XX в. Густаф Грюндгенс. Здание в стиле классицизма – одно из лучших творений архитектора Карла Фридриха Шинкеля. Было построено для театра в 1818-1821 гг. на площади Жандарменмаркт (Gendarmenmarkt), между Немецкой и Французской церквями. Интерьер украшали пластические произведения скульптора Кристиана Фридриха Тика по эскизам К.Ф.Шинкеля. Во время Второй мировой войны здание было разрушено. Восстановлено в 1976-1984 гг., в настоящее время здесь размещается концертный зал → Konzerthaus, Goethe Johann Wolfgang von, Schiller Friedrich, Gluck Christoph Willibald, Weber Carl Maria von, Devrient Ludwig, Iffland August Wilhelm, Gründgens Gustaf, Klassizismus, Schinkel Karl Friedrich, Tieck Christian Friedrich, Deutsche Kirche, Französische Kirche, Zweiter Weltkrieg, Deutsche Staatsoper -
7 Dresdener Romantiker
plДрезденские романтики, художественная школа немецкого романтизма начала XIX в., представлена группой живописцев-пейзажистов, работавших в Дрездене и его окрестностях. Характерной особенностью стиля дрезденских романтиков было религиозно-мистическое и поэтическое отношение к природе. Пейзаж дрезденских живописцев был не мертвым объектом изображения, а Божественной, одухотворенной субстанцией. Дрезденские романтики превыше всего ставили пейзажную живопись, понимая её как "немую духовную музыку". В доме художника Г.Кюгельгена (Kügelgen Gerhard, 1772-1820), где сейчас размещается музей дрезденских романтиков, встречались Каспар Давид Фридрих, Людвиг Тик, Новалис, Карл Мария фон Вебер, Рихард Вагнер, Клара и Роберт Шуман, Эрнст Теодор Амадей Гофман, Георг Фридрих Керстинг → Romantik, Friedrich Caspar David, Tieck Ludwig, Novalis, Weber Carl Maria von, Wagner Richard, Hoffman Ernst Theodor Amadeus, Wieck-Schumann Clara, Schumann Robert, Kersting Georg FriedrichГермания. Лингвострановедческий словарь > Dresdener Romantiker
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8 Freischütz-Sage
fСказание о вольном стрелке, народное предание о человеке, который заключил союз с дьяволом и получил от него в дар семь "вольных" чудо-пуль (Freikugeln). Шесть из них попадают без промаха в любую цель и на любом расстоянии, а седьмая принадлежит дьяволу, он посылает её в цель по своему усмотрению. В немецком искусстве есть несколько литературных и музыкальных обработок предания. На основе новеллы писатель Фридрих Кинд сочинил либретто для оперы "Вольный стрелок" ("Der Freischütz", 1821), композитор Карл Мария фон Вебер → Weber Carl Maria von, Semperoper -
9 Körner Theodor
Кёрнер Теодор (1756-1831), поэт-патриот, герой Освободительных войн против Наполеона. Написал цикл военных песен "Лира и меч". Скончался после смертельного ранения в бою 26 августа 1813 г. Согласно его последней воле, был похоронен под большим дубом в деревне Вёббелин. Незадолго до гибели Кёрнер посвятил своим товарищам по корпусу песню "Отчаянные егеря Лютцо", припев которой стал вскоре своего рода гимном войск, сражавшихся против Наполеона. Музыка композитора Карла Марии фон Вебера. Памятник в Дрездене, на родине поэта. Музей в мекленбургской деревне Вёббелин, здесь в память о поэте ежегодно проводится праздник ▲ "Leier und Schwert", "Lützows wilde Jagd" → Befreiungskriege, Lützowsches Freikorps, Weber Carl Maria von, Museum der Dresdner Frühromantik -
10 Sachsen
1) pl ист. саксы, группа германских племён. Жили между нижним течением рек Рейн и Эльба. В V-VI вв. часть саксов участвовала в англо-саксонском завоевании Британии. Материковые саксы в 772-804 гг. зовоёваны франками → Franken 1)2) n ист. Саксония, провинция Пруссии, образована в 1816 г. в соответствии с решениями Венского конгресса из старопрусских владений – Магдебурга, Хальберштатта, Халле, северной Тюрингии, Эрфурта, Нордхаузена, Мюльхаузена, в 1944 г. поделена на две провинции, которые просуществовали до 1945 г. → Sachsen-Anhalt3) n Саксония, федеральная земля с официальным статусом "Республика Саксония" (Freistaat Sachsen). Расположена на юго-востоке ФРГ, граничит с Польшей и с Чехией. Столица г. Дрезден. Другие значительные города: Ляйпциг, Кемниц, Цвиккау, Плауэн, Гёрлиц, Фрайберг, Бауцен, Майсен. Основные отрасли экономики: электронная и оптическая промышленность (Дрезден), машиностроение и текстильная промышленность (Кемниц), автомобилестроение (Цвикау), производство фарфора (Майсен), сфера услуг, туризм. Четыре университета: в Дрездене, Ляйпциге, Фрайберге, Кемнице. Академия художественного танца – "школа Палукки" в Дрездене (Akademie für künstlerischen Tanz – Palucca Schule Dresden), Высшая школа торговли (Handelshochschule) в Ляйпциге – частное учебное заведение университетского типа. В связи со структурными преобразованиями после 1990 г. (объединение двух немецких государств) утратила значение добыча каменного угля, были открыты новые производства, в т.ч. фирмами "Фольксваген", "ДаймлерКрайслер". Среди городов Саксонии с всемирно известными достопримечательностями особое место занимает Дрезден. По территории Саксонии проходит туристический маршрут "Саксонская серебряная дорога". Имена многих деятелей немецкой науки и культуры связаны с Саксонией: изобретатель европейского фарфора Бётгер, композиторы Г.Шютц, И.С.Бах, Р.Вагнер, К.М. фон Вебер, Ф.Мендельсон-Бартольди, Роберт и Клара Шуман, Р.Штраус, архитектор Пёппельман, скульптор Э.Ричель. Местные блюда часто называют по региону их производства, например, саксонские клёцки (sächsische Klöße), дрезденский рождественский штоллен, ляйпцигская смесь, ляйпцигские жаворонки, сорбская свадебная трапеза (Sorbisches Hochzeitsessen) и др. → Land, Dresden, Leipzig, Chemnitz, Zwickau, Plauen, Görlitz, Freiberg, Bautzen, Meißen, Volkswagen AG, DaimlerCrysler AG, Sächsische Silberstraße, Böttger Johann Friedrich, Schütz Heinrich, Bach Johann Sebastian, Wagner Richard, Weber Carl Maria von, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy Felix, Schumann Robert, Wieck-Schumann Clara, Strauss Richard, Pöppelmann Matthäus Daniel, Rietschel Ernst, Echter Dresdner Christstollen, Leipziger Allerlei, Leipziger Lerchen -
11 Semperoper
f
Земперовская опера, оперный театр в Дрездене, основан в 1667 г. Как театр для постановки итальянских опер при дворе курфюрста Саксонии. Расцвет Придворной оперы приходится на 2-ю половину XVIII в., в XIX-XX вв. Театр способствовал популяризации опер национальных композиторов. В спектаклях театра принимает участие Дрезденская государственная капелла. В 1719 г. В дворцовом комплексе Цвингер открылся Большой оперный театр (Grosses Opernhaus). В 1841 г. Построено новое здание, созданное по проекту Земпера, он же возводил здание после пожара в 1878 г. В 1945 г. Здание оперы было разрушено бомбардировкой, до 1984 г. Спектакли проходили в дворцовом комплексе Цвингер. В 1985 г. Здание Земперовской оперы восстановлено → Semper Gottfried, Dresden, Kapelle, Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden, Weber Carl Maria von, Freischütz-Sage -
12 Sicherheitsdienst
m; → Himmler HeinrichЗемперовская опера, оперный театр в Дрездене, основан в 1667 г. Как театр для постановки итальянских опер при дворе курфюрста Саксонии. Расцвет Придворной оперы приходится на 2-ю половину XVIII в., в XIX-XX вв. Театр способствовал популяризации опер национальных композиторов. В спектаклях театра принимает участие Дрезденская государственная капелла. В 1719 г. В дворцовом комплексе Цвингер открылся Большой оперный театр (Grosses Opernhaus). В 1841 г. Построено новое здание, созданное по проекту Земпера, он же возводил здание после пожара в 1878 г. В 1945 г. Здание оперы было разрушено бомбардировкой, до 1984 г. Спектакли проходили в дворцовом комплексе Цвингер. В 1985 г. Здание Земперовской оперы восстановлено → Semper Gottfried, Dresden, Kapelle, Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden, Weber Carl Maria von, Freischütz-Sage -
13 Вебер, Карл Мария
Carl Maria von Weber -
14 Вебер, Карл Мария
Carl Maria von Weber -
15 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." 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Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" 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Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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